Liaoning Qizhong Lubricant Technology Group Co., Ltd.
Liaoning Qizhong Lubricant Technology Group Co., Ltd.

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Qizhong Group is a diversified conglomerate primarily focused on the research, development, production, and services of petrochemical products. Its business spans petrochemicals, scientific and technological R&D, corporate training, development and operations, and construction engineering, among other sectors.

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The principle of operation of lubricants

Release date:

2024-06-01

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Abstract

Everyone knows that machines require lubrication with a certain amount of oil during operation, yet few people truly understand why lubricants are necessary. So let’s take a look at the underlying principles behind how lubricants work. Lubricating oil consists of a base oil and specialized additives. When the lubricant comes into contact with moving surfaces, it forms a physical adsorption layer; the finer the oil, the stronger this adsorption becomes, causing polar molecules from the additives to accumulate on the metal surface. During operation, several scenarios may arise: a) Instantaneous high temperatures at the contact interface; b) Elastic–plastic deformation of microscopic surface asperities, leading to the emission of high‑energy electrons that impact the surface; c) Self‑catalytic repair of the metal surface. These factors can trigger complex, rapid chemical reactions on the frictional surfaces, quickly forming a chemically adsorbed protective film composed of substances that provide anti‑wear, friction‑reducing, and extreme‑pressure resistance properties. Meanwhile, the base oil absorbs and contains undesirable byproducts and excess energy generated during friction, while also promptly supplying the necessary additives or polar molecules. Thus, additives play a crucial role in anti‑wear, friction reduction, equipment protection, and energy conservation. In essence, the combination of base oil and additives delivers optimal performance: providing lubrication for machinery while, to a certain extent, safeguarding its operation. For these reasons, lubricating oil is indispensable for modern machines.

As everyone knows, machines require a certain amount of lubricant to ensure smooth operation. However, few people take the time to understand why lubricants are necessary in the first place. So let’s explore the underlying principles behind how lubricants work!

Lubricating oil consists of a base oil and special additives. At the contact interface, the lubricant forms a physical adsorption layer on the moving surfaces; the finer the oil, the stronger the adsorption, and polar molecules such as the additives accumulate on the metal surface. During operation, the following situations may arise:
a. The contact surface experiences an instantaneous high temperature;
b. Surface micro‑protrusions undergo elastoplastic deformation, leading to the emission of high‑energy electrons that impact the surface;
c. Self-catalytic repair of surface metals;

These factors give rise to intricate, transient chemical reactions at the metal–metal contact interface, rapidly forming a chemically adsorbed surface film composed of compounds that provide anti‑wear, friction‑reducing, and extreme‑pressure protection. Meanwhile, the base oil accommodates and absorbs undesirable reaction products and excess energy generated during sliding, while also promptly supplying the requisite additives or polar molecules.

Therefore, additives play a crucial role in wear resistance, friction reduction, equipment protection, and energy conservation. It can be said that lubricants—comprising base oils and additives—deliver their optimal performance, providing effective lubrication while also helping to safeguard machine operation to a certain extent. For this reason, lubricating oil is indispensable for machinery.

 

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